Krithika Subramanian , PhD

Several immunotherapies are now approved for the management of metastatic RCC. However, immunotherapy-based combination regimens are associated with high rates of treatment-related toxicities and do not yield objective responses in a significant proportion of patients.

After decades of dormancy, the therapeutic landscape of locally advanced/metastatic urothelial cancer underwent a paradigm shift—with multiple regulatory approvals of immune checkpoint inhibitors as second-line treatment—leading to changes in guideline-recommended management of patients in this setting.

Identification of key oncogenic drivers and the development of targeted therapies with clinical activity in patients harboring actionable mutations have revolutionized the treatment paradigm in non–small cell lung cancer, redirecting attention toward advances in biomarker testing methodologies.

The clinical development and application of cancer immunotherapy over the past decade has translated the long-standing knowledge of the close relationship between cancerous tissues and lymphoid immune cells, dating back to the late 19th century.